Golf
Golf (gowf in Scots) is a
game where individual players or teams hit a
ball into a hole using various clubs, and is one of the few ball games
that does not use a fixed standard playing area.It is defined in the Rules of Golf as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."
Golf originated in Scotland and has been played for several centuries in the British Isles.
The oldest course in the world is The Old Links at Musselburgh. Golf has been played on Musselburgh Links since 1672. Although often viewed as an elite pastime, golf is increasingly popular.
Golf is played on a tract of land designated as the course. The course consists of a series of holes. A hole means both the hole in the ground into which the ball is played (also called the cup), as well as the total distance from the tee (a pre-determined area from where a ball is first hit) to the green (the area surrounding the actual hole in the ground). Most golf courses consist of 9 or 18 holes. (The "nineteenth hole" is the colloquial term for the bar at a club house). After a player first hits, or "strokes," the ball, he continues to do so from the fairway (where the grass is cut so low that most balls can be easily played) or from the rough (grass cut much longer than fairway grass, or which may be uncut) until the ball comes to rest in the cup. When a player strokes the ball and it then comes to rest in the cup, he has completed play on that hole. Skilled players require fewer strokes to play the ball into the cup.
Many holes include hazards, which may be of two types: water hazards (lakes, rivers, etc.) and bunkers. Special rules apply to playing balls that come to rest in a hazard, which make it undesirable to play a ball into one. For example, in a hazard, a player must not touch the ground with his club prior to playing a ball, not even for a practice swing. A ball in any type of hazard may be played as it lies without penalty. If it cannot be played from the hazard for any reason, it may be removed by hand and dropped outside the hazard with a penalty of one stroke. If a ball in a hazard cannot be found, it may be replaced by dropping another ball outside the hazard, again with one stroke penalty. Exactly where a ball may be dropped outside a hazard is governed by strict rules. Bunkers (or sand traps) are hazards from which the ball is more difficult to play than from grass. As in a water hazard, a ball in a sand trap must be played without previously touching the sand with one's club.
The grass of the putting green (or more commonly the green) is cut very short so that a ball can roll easily over distances of several yards. To putt means to play a stroke, usually but not always on the green, wherein the ball does not leave the ground. The direction of growth of individual blades of grass often affects the roll of a golf ball and is called the grain. The cup is always found within the green, and must have a diameter of 108 mm and a depth of at least 100 mm. Its position on the green is not static and may be changed from day to day. The cup usually has a flag on a pole positioned in it so that it may be seen from some distance, but not necessarily from the tee. This flag and pole combination is often called the pin.
The borders of a course are marked as such, and beyond them is out of bounds, that is, ground from which a ball must not be played. Some areas on the course may be designated as ground under repair, meaning that a ball coming to rest in them may be lifted and then played from outside such ground without penalty. Certain man-made objects on the course are defined as obstructions, and specific rules determine how a golfer may proceed when the play is impeded by these.
Every hole is classified by its par. The par of a hole is primarily but not exclusively determined by the distance from tee to green. Typical lengths for par three holes range from 100 to 224 m, for par four holes from 225 to 434 m, and for par five holes 435 m and greater. Par is the theoretical number of strokes that an expert golfer should require for playing the ball into any given hole. The expert golfer is expected to reach the green in two strokes under par (in regulation) and then use two putts to get the ball into the hole. Many 18-hole courses have approximately four par-three, ten par-four, and four par-five holes. The total par of an 18-hole course is usually around 72. In many countries, courses are classified by a course rating in addition to the course's par. This rating describes the difficulty of a course and may be used to calculate a golfer's playing handicap for that individual course (see golf handicap).
At most golf courses there are additional facilities that are not part of the course itself. Often there is a practice range, usually with practice greens, bunkers, and a driving area (where long shots can be practiced). There may even be a practice course (which is often easier to play or shorter than other golf courses). A golf school is often associated with a course or club.
Every game of golf is based on playing a number of holes in a given order. A round typically consists of 18 holes that are played in the order determined by the course layout. On a nine-hole course, a standard round consists of two successive nine-hole rounds. A hole of golf consists of hitting a ball from a tee on the teeing ground (a marked area designated for the first shot of a hole), and, once the ball comes to rest, striking it again, and repeating this process until the ball at last comes to rest in the cup. Once the ball is on the green (an area of finely cut grass) the ball is usually putted (hit along the ground) into the hole. The aim of holing the ball in as few strokes as possible may be impeded by various hazards, such as bunkers and water hazards.
Players walk (or in some countries, often drive in motorized electric carts) over the course, either singly or in groups of two, three, or four, sometimes accompanied by caddies who carry and manage the players' equipment and give them advice. Each player plays a ball from the tee to the hole, except that in the mode of play called foursomes, two teams of two players compete, and the members of each team alternate shots using only one ball, until the ball is holed out. When all individual players or teams have brought a ball into play, the player or team whose ball is the farthest from the hole is next to play. In some team events, a player whose ball is farther from the hole may ask his partner to play first. When all players of a group have completed the hole, the player or team with the best score on that hole has the honor, that is, the right to play first on the next tee.
Each player acts as marker for one other player in the group, that is, he or she records the score on a score card. In stroke play (see below), the score consists of the number of strokes played plus any penalty strokes incurred. Penalty strokes are not actually strokes but penalty points that are added to the score for violations of rules or for making use of relief procedures in certain situations.
In every form of play, the aim is to play as few shots per round as possible. Scores for each hole can be described as follows:
| Term
on a scoreboard |
Specific term | Definition |
| -3 |
albatross (double-eagle) |
three strokes under par |
| -2 | eagle | two strokes under par |
| -1 | birdie | one stroke under par |
| 0 | par or even | strokes equal to par |
| +1 | bogey | one stroke more than par |
| +2 | double bogey | two strokes over par |
| +3 | triple bogey | three strokes over par |
In match play, two players (or two teams) play every hole as a separate contest against each other. The party with the lower score wins that hole, or if the scores of both players or teams are equal the hole is "halved" (drawn). The game is won by the party that wins more holes than the other. In the case that one team or player has taken a lead that cannot be overcome in the number of holes remaining to be played, the match is deemed to be won by the party in the lead, and the remainder of the holes are not played. For example, if one party already has a lead of six holes, and only five holes remain to be played on the course, the match is over. At any given point, if the lead is equal to the number of holes remaining, the match is said to be "dormie", and is continued until the leader increases the lead by one hole, thereby winning the match, or until the match ends in a tie. When the game is tied after the predetermined number of holes have been played, it may be continued until one side takes a one-hole lead, and thereupon immediately wins by one hole.
In stroke
play, every player (or team) counts the number of shots taken
for the whole round or tournament to produce the total score, and the
player with the lowest score wins. A variant of stroke play is
Stableford scoring, where a number of points (two for the target score)
are given for each hole, and the fewer shots taken, the more points
obtained, so the aim is to have as many points as possible. Another
variant of stroke play, the Modified Stableford method, awards points
on each hole in relation to par and then adds the points over a round.There are many variations of these basic principles, some of which are explicitly described in the "Rules of Golf" and are therefore regarded "official". "Official" forms of play are, among others, foursome and four-ball games.
A foursome (defined in Rule 29) is played between two teams of two players each, in which each team has only one ball and players alternate playing it. For example, if players A and B form a team, A tees off on the first hole, B will play the second shot, A the third, and so on until the hole is finished. On the second hole, B will tee off (regardless who played the last putt on the first hole), then A plays the second shot, and so on. Foursomes can be played as match play or stroke play.
A four-ball (Rules 30 and 31) is also played between two teams of two players each, but every player plays his own ball and for each team, the lower score on each hole is counted. Four-balls can be played as match play or stroke play.
There are also popular unofficial variations on team play. In a scramble, or ambrose, each player in a team tees off on each hole, and the players decide which shot was best. Every player then plays his second shot from where the best ball has come to rest, and the procedure is repeated until the hole is finished.
In a greensome both players tee off, and then pick the best shot as in a scramble. The player who did not shoot the best first shot plays the second shot. The play then alternates as in a foursome.
If one wishes to play on a golf course, one has to pay a certain fee. There are two different fees: the range fee, which is for the practice range; and the green fee, which allows play on the golf course itself. The green fee may vary from the equivalent of a few U.S. dollars for communal courses in many countries up to that of several hundred dollars for elite private clubs. Discounts on fees may be offered for players starting their round late in the day.
A handicap is a numerical measure of an amateur
golfer's ability. It
can be used to calculate a so-called "net" score from the number of
strokes actually played, thus allowing players of different proficiency
to play against each other on equal terms. Handicaps are administrated
by golf clubs or national golf associations.Handicap systems are not used in professional golf. Professional golfers typically score several strokes below par for a round.
The rules of golf are internationally standardised and are jointly governed by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (R&A), which was founded 1754 and the United States Golf Association (USGA). By agreement with the R&A, USGA jurisdiction on the enforcement and interpretation of the rules is limited to the United States and Mexico. Because the rules of golf continue to evolve, amended versions of the rule book are usually published and made effective in a four-year cycle.
The underlying principle of the rules is fairness. As stated on the back cover of the official rule book: "play the ball as it lies", "play the course as you find it", and "if you can't do either, do what is fair".
Some rules state that:
• every player is entitled and
obliged to play the ball from the position
where it has come to rest after a stroke, unless a rule allows or
demands otherwise (Rule 13-1)
• a player must not accept
assistance in making a stroke (Rule 14-2)
• the condition of the ground or
other parts of the course may not be
altered to gain an advantage, except in some cases defined in the rules
• a ball may only be replaced by
another if it is destroyed, lost, or
unplayable, and a penalty is incurred in the latter cases
The Decisions on the Rules of Golf are based on formal case decisions by the R&A and USGA and are published regularly.
The etiquette of golf, although not formally equivalent to the rules, are included in the publications on golf rules and are considered binding for every player. They cover matters such as safety, fairness, easiness and pace of play, and players' obligation to contribute to the care of the course.
There are strict regulations regarding the amateur status of golfers. Essentially, everybody who has ever taught or played golf for money (or even accepted a trophy of more than a modest monetary value) is not considered an amateur and must not participate in amateur competitions.
Strandhill Golf Club in Ireland is an example of a coastal links course.
While no two courses are alike, many can be classified into one of the following broad categories:
Links courses: the most traditional type of golf course, of which some century-old examples have survived in the British isles. Located in coastal areas, on sandy soil, often amid dunes, with few artificial water hazards and few if any trees.
Traditional links courses, such as The Old Course at St. Andrews, are built on "land reclaimed from the sea," land that was once underwater.
Parkland courses: typical inland courses, often resembling traditional British parks, with lawn-like fairways and many trees.
Heathland – a more open, less-manicured inland course often featuring gorse and heather and typically less wooded than “parkland” courses. Examples include Woodhall Spa in England and Gleneagles in Scotland.
Desert courses: a rather recent invention, popular in Australia, parts of the USA and in the Middle East. Desert courses require heavy irrigation for maintenance of the turf, leading to concerns about the ecological consequences of excessive water consumption. A desert course also violates the widely accepted principle of golf course architecture that an aesthetically pleasing course should require minimal alteration of the existing landscape. Nevertheless, many players enjoy the unique experience of playing golf in the desert.
Sand courses: instead of a heavily irrigated 'green', the players play on sand.
Snow courses: another rather recent invention; golf being played on snow, typically with an orange colored or another brightly colored ball. Can be played in Arctic or subarctic regions during winter.
In the United States design varies widely, with courses such as the entirely artificial Shadow Creek in Las Vegas, where a course complete with waterfalls was created in the desert, and on the other end of the spectrum, Rustic Canyon outside of Los Angeles, which was created with a minimal amount of earth moving resulting in an affordable daily green fee and a more natural golfing experience.
To hit the ball, the club is swung at the motionless ball on the ground (or wherever it has come to rest) from a side stance. Many golf shots make the ball travel through the air (carry) and roll out for some more distance (roll).
Every shot is a compromise between length and precision, as long shots are generally less precise than short ones. Obviously, a longer shot may result in a better score if it helps reduce the total number of strokes for a given hole, but the benefit may be more than outweighed by additional strokes or penalties if a ball is lost, out of bounds, or comes to rest on difficult ground. Therefore, a skilled golfer must assess the quality of his or her shots in a particular situation in order to judge whether the possible benefits of aggressive play are worth the risks.
A tee shot is the first shot played from a teeing ground. It is often made with a driver (i.e., a 1-wood) off a tee for long holes, or with an iron on shorter holes. Ideally, tee shots on long holes have a rather shallow flight and long roll of the ball, while tee shots on short holes are flighted higher and are expected to stop quickly.
A fairway shot is similar to a drive when done with a fairway wood. However, a tee may not be used once the ball has been brought into play; therefore, playing from the fairway may be more difficult depending on how the ball lies. If precision is more important than length (typically, when playing on narrow fairways or approaching a green), irons are usually played from the fairway. Irons or wedges are also often used when playing from the rough.
A bunker shot is played when the ball is in a bunker (sand trap). It resembles a pitch and is played with a "sand wedge." The sand wedge is designed with a wider base allowing the club to skid in the sand.
On the green, a putter is used to 'putt' the ball. The ball rolls on the ground, never becoming air-borne.
An approach shot is played into the green from outside the green, usually over an intermediate or short distance. Types of approach shots are:
Pitch: a high approach shot that makes the ball fly high and roll very little, stopping more or less where it hits the ground. Pitches are usually done with a wedge.
Flop: an even higher approach shot that stops shortly after it hits the ground. It is used when a player must play over an obstacle to the green. It is usually played with a sand wedge or a lob wedge.
Chip: a low approach shot where the ball makes a shallow flight and then rolls out on the green. Chips are made with a less lofted club than the "pitch" shot or "lob" shot in order to produce the desired flatter trajectory.
Punch/Knockdown: a low shot that carries through the air in order to clear a low hanging tree branch or sometimes high winds.
There are several possible causes of poor shots, such as poor alignment of the club, wrong direction of swing, and off-center hits where the clubhead rotates around the ball at impact. Many of these troubles are aggravated with the "longer" clubs and higher speed of swing. Furthermore, the absolute effect of a deviation will increase with a longer shot compared with a short one.
Poor shots include the hook, in which the ball curves to the left (for a right-handed player), a slice, in which the ball curves to the right (for a right-handed player; the reverse are true for left-handers), and a shank, in which the ball shoots sharply to the right (for a right handed player). As a point of safety, it is mandatory to shout "Fore!" whenever there is a chance that a ball might hit any person on the course.
Putts and short chips are ideally played without much movement of the body, but most other golf shots are played using variants of the full golf swing. The full golf swing itself is used in tee and fairway shots.
A full swing is a complex rotation of the body aimed at accelerating the club head to a great speed. For a right-handed golfer, it consists of a backswing to the right, a downswing to the left (in which the ball is hit), and a follow through. At address, the player stands with the left shoulder and hip pointing in the intended direction of ball flight, with the ball before the feet. The club is held with both hands (right below left), the clubhead resting on the ground behind the ball, hips and knees somewhat flexed, and the arms hanging from the shoulders. The backswing is a rotation to the right, consisting of a shifting of the player's body weight to the right side, a turning of the pelvis and shoulders, lifting of the arms and flexing of the elbows and wrists. At the end of the backswing the hands are above the right shoulder, with the club pointing more or less in the intended direction of ball flight. The downswing is roughly a backswing reversed. After the ball is hit, the follow-through stage consists of a continued rotation to the left. At the end of the swing, the weight has shifted almost entirely to the left foot, the body is fully turned to the left and the hands are above the left shoulder with the club hanging down over the players' back.
The full golf swing is an unnatural, highly complex motion and notoriously difficult to learn. It is not uncommon for beginners to spend several months practising the very basics before playing their first ball on a course. It is usually considered impossible to acquire a stable and successful swing without professional instruction and even highly skilled golfers may continue to take golf lessons for many years. One can also purchase or use a new golf simulator that can cost upwards of $50,000.
Relatively few golfers play left-handed (i.e., swing back to the left and forward to the right), with even players who are strongly left-handed in their daily life preferring the right-handed golf swing. In the past, this may have been due to the difficulty of finding left-handed golf clubs. Today, more manufacturers provide left-handed versions of their club lines, and the clubs are more readily purchased from mail-order and Internet catalogues. A golfer who plays right-handed, but holds the club left-hand-below-right is said to be "cack-handed". It is difficult to obtain the same consistency and power with this arrangement as is possible with conventional technique.
Besides the physical part, the mental aspect contributes to the difficulty of the golf swing. Golfers play against the course, not each other directly, and hit a stationary object, not one put into motion by an opponent. This means that there is never anyone to blame but oneself for a bad result, and in most competitive formats there are no teammates to directly help one out. Knowledge of this creates a great deal of psychological pressure on the golfer; this pressure exists at all levels of play. Even the best professional golfers sometimes succumb to this pressure, such as getting the "yips" and being unable to make short putts, or having collapses of their full swing.
A golf ball acquires spin when it is hit. Backspin is imparted in almost every shot due to the golf club's loft (i.e., angle between the clubface and a vertical plane). A spinning ball deforms the flow of air around it and thereby acts similar to an aeroplane wing; a back-spinning ball therefore experiences an upward force which makes it fly higher and longer than a ball without spin would. The amount of backspin also influences the behavior of a ball when it hits the ground. A ball with little backspin will usually roll out for a considerable distance while a ball with much backspin may not roll at all or in some cases even roll backwards. Sidespin occurs when the clubface is not aligned perpendicularly to the plane of swing. Sidespin makes the ball curve to the left or right, a hook or slice respectively for a right-handed player; this effect can be made use of to steer it around obstacles or towards the safe side of a difficult fairway. However, it is difficult to control the amount of sidespin, and many poor shots result from uncontrolled or excessive spin that makes the ball curve sharply.
Golf clubs
A player usually carries several clubs during
the game (but no more
than fourteen, the limit defined by the rules). There are three major types of clubs, known as woods, irons, and putters. Wedges are irons used to play shorter shots.
Woods are played for long shots from the tee or fairway, and occasionally rough, while irons are for precision shots from fairways as well as from the rough.
A new type of wood known as a "hybrid" combines the straight-hitting characteristics of irons with the easy-to-hit-in-the-air characteristics of higher-lofted woods.
A "hybrid" is often used for long shots from difficult rough. Hybrids are also used by players who have a difficult time getting the ball airborne with long irons. Wedges are played from difficult ground such as sand or the rough and for approach shots to the green. Putters are mostly played on the green, but can also be useful when playing from bunkers or for some approach shots.
The minimum allowed diameter of a golf ball is 42.67mm and its mass may not exceed than 45.93g. Modern golf balls have a two, three, or four layer design constructed from various synthetic materials. The surface usually has a pattern of 300-400 dimples designed to improve the ball's aerodynamics. The method of construction and materials used greatly affect the ball's playing characteristics such as distance, trajectory, spin and feel. Harder materials, such as Surlyn, usually result in the ball's traveling longer distances, while softer covers, such as Balata, tend to generate higher spin, more "feel" and greater stopping potential.
Sometimes transport is by special golf carts. Clubs and other equipment are carried in golf bags. Golfers wear special shoes with exchangeable spikes (or little plastic claws termed soft spikes) attached to the soles. They also often wear gloves that help grip the club. Tees resemble nails with a flattened head and are usually made of wood or plastic. A tee is pushed into the ground to rest a ball on top of for an easier shot; however, this is only allowed for the first stroke (tee shot or drive) of each hole. When on the green, the ball may be picked up to be cleaned or if it is in the way of an opponent's putting line; its position must then be marked using a ball marker (usually a flat, round piece of plastic or a coin). A ball mark repair tool (or pitchfork) is used to repair a ball mark (depression in the green where a ball has hit the ground). To repair a ball mark, one pushes the tool under the mark, and lifts upwards gently, loosening the compacted turf to allow rapid regrowth of grass. Scores are recorded on a score card during the round.
Golf is usually regarded as a Scottish invention, as the game was mentioned in two 15th-century laws prohibiting the playing of the game of "gowf". Some scholars, however, suggest that this refers to another game which is much akin to shinty or hurling, or to modern field hockey. They point out that a game of putting a small ball in a hole in the ground using golf clubs was played in 17th-century Netherlands. The term golf is believed to have originated from a Germanic word for "club".
The oldest playing golf course in the world is The Old Links at Musselburgh. Evidence has shown that golf was played on Musselburgh Links in 1672 although Mary Queen of Scots reputedly played there in 1567.
Golf courses have not always had eighteen holes. The St Andrews Links occupy a narrow strip of land along the sea. As early as the 15th century, golfers at St. Andrews established a customary route through the undulating terrain, playing to holes whose locations were dictated by topography. The course that emerged featured eleven holes, laid out end to end from the clubhouse to the far end of the property. One played the holes out, turned around, and played the holes in, for a total of 22 holes. In 1764, several of the holes were deemed too short, and were therefore combined. The number was thereby reduced from 11 to nine, so that a complete round of the links comprised 18 holes.
The major changes in equipment since the 19th century have been better mowers, especially for the greens, better golf ball designs, using rubber and man-made materials since about 1900, and the introduction of the metal shaft beginning in the 1930s. Also in the 1930s the wooden golf tee was invented. In the 1970s the use of metal to replace wood heads began, and shafts made of graphite composite materials were introduced in the 1980s.
It was reported in January 2006 that recent evidence unearthed by Prof. Ling Hongling of Lanzhou University suggests that a game similar to modern-day golf was played in China at least 500 years before golf was first mentioned in Scotland. Archives called the Dongzuan Records from the Song Dynasty describe a game called chuiwan and also include drawings. It was played with 10 clubs including a cuanbang, pubang, and shaobang, which are comparable to a driver, two-wood, and three-wood. The archive also includes references to a Nan Tang Dynasty magistrate who asked his daughter to make "holes" for him to play, and describes his "tee" as being jewel-encrusted. There were further descriptions of clubs being inlaid with jade and gold, suggesting golf was for the wealthy. Hongling suggested golf may have been exported to Europe and then Scotland by Mongolian travellers in the late Middle Ages- although there is no evidence for this.
In the United States, golf is the unofficial game of the business world. It is often said that board meetings merely confirm decisions that are actually made on the golf course. For this reason, the successful conduct of business golf (which extends beyond merely knowing the game) is considered a useful business skill; various schools, including prestigious universities such as Stanford University, have started both undergraduate and graduate-level courses that teach "business golf." The PGA of America, an organization separate from the PGA Tour, helps to sponsor these programs at universities nationwide.
Golf is not inherently an expensive activity; the cost of an average round of golf is USD $36, and the game is regularly enjoyed by over 26 million Americans and many more world-wide. In fact, most regions of the United States feature public courses which strive to be affordable for the average golfer. But the perception of golf as a game for the wealthy elite and country clubs as a haven for corrupt businessmen is common among many. Films such as Caddyshack perpetuate this belief.
This being said the social status of better (and usually more expensive) equipment cannot be overlooked. In order to be outfitted with the latest equipment (including rather expensive clothing, shoes and gloves) one can end up spending quite a sum. Also, green fees at some of the more picturesque and prestigious courses can be quite sizeable.
In 2005 Golf Digest calculated that there were nearly 32,000 golf courses in the world, approximately half of them in the United States. The countries with most golf courses in relation to population, starting with the best endowed were: Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Canada, Wales, United States, Sweden, and England (countries with less than 500,000 people were excluded). Apart from Sweden all of these are countries where English is the main language, but the number of courses in new golfing territories is increasing rapidly. For example the first golf course in the People's Republic of China only opened in the mid-1980s, but by 2005 there were 200 courses in that country.
The professional game was initially dominated by British golfers, but since World War I, America has produced the greatest quantity of leading professionals. Other Commonwealth countries such as Australia and South Africa are also traditional powers in the game. Since around the 1970s, Japan, Scandinavian and other Western European countries have produced leading players on a regular basis. The number of countries with high-class professionals continues to increase steadily, especially in East Asia. South Korea is notably strong in women's golf.
Golf is played professionally in many different countries. The majority of professional golfers work as club or teaching professionals, and only compete in local competitions. A small elite of professional golfers are "tournament pros" who compete full time on international "tours".
Tiger Woods, who is currently the leading professional golfer in the World.
There are at least twenty professional golf tours, each run by a PGA or an independent tour organisation, which is responsible for arranging events, finding sponsors, and regulating the tour. Typically a tour has "members" who are entitled to compete in all of its events, and also invites non-members to compete in some of them. Gaining membership of an elite tour is highly competitive, and most professional golfers never achieve it.
The most widely known tour is the PGA TOUR (officially rendered in all caps), which attracts the best golfers from all the other men's tours. This is due mostly to the fact that most PGA TOUR events have a first prize of at least USD 800,000. PGA TOUR wins can mean endorsement deals, automatically provide the winner a minimum two-year exemption to play in other tournaments, and supply the prestige earned by beating the best of the best. The PGA European Tour, which attracts a substantial number of top golfers from outside North America, ranks only slightly below the PGA TOUR in worldwide prestige. Some top professionals from outside North America play enough tournaments to maintain membership on both the PGA TOUR and European Tour. There are several other men's tours around the world.
The Sunshine is being played in South Africa, Asian Tour is associating with The European Tour to host European Tour level tournaments in Asia. In 2005, China started a China Tour. The Japan Tour is the 3rd biggest Tour overall, it has the best sponsors besides the PGA Tour.
Golf is unique in having lucrative competition for older players. There are several senior tours for men 50 and older, the best known of which is the U.S.-based Champions Tour.
There are five principal tours for women, each based in a different country or continent. The most prestigious of these is the U.S-based LPGA Tour.
The major championships are the four most prestigious men's tournaments of the year. In current (2005) chronological order they are:
- The Masters
- U.S. Open
- The Open Championship (referred
to in North America as the British
Open)
- PGA Championship
The fields for these events include the top several dozen golfers from all over the world. The Masters has been played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia since its inception in 1934. The U.S. Open and PGA Championship are played at various courses around the United States, while The Open Championship is played at various courses in the UK.
The number of major championships a player accumulates in his career has a very large impact on his stature in the game. Jack Nicklaus is widely regarded as the greatest golfer of all time, largely because he has won a record 18 professional majors, or 20 majors in total if his two U.S. Amateurs are included. Tiger Woods, who may be the only golfer likely to challenge Nicklaus's record, has won ten majors, all before the age of thirty. Woods also came closest to winning all four current majors in one season (known as a Grand Slam completed first by Bobby Jones) when he won them consecutively across two seasons: the 2000 U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship; and the 2001 Masters. This feat has been frequently called the Tiger Slam.
Prior to the advent of the PGA Championship and The Masters, the four Majors were the U.S. Open, the U.S. Amateur, the Open Championship, and the British Amateur. These are the four that Bobby Jones won in 1930 to become the only player ever to have earned a Grand Slam.
Women's golf does not have a globally agreed set of majors. The LPGA's list of majors has changed several times over the years, with the last change in 2001. Like the PGA TOUR, the LPGA currently has four majors:
- Kraft Nabisco Championship
- U.S. Women's Open
- LPGA Championship
- Women's British Open
Only the last of these is also recognised by the Ladies European Tour.In 2003 Annika Sörenstam was the first woman after fifty years who started at a men's PGA Tour.
Environmental concerns over the use of land for golf courses have grown over the past 30 years. Specific concerns include the amount of water and chemical pesticides and fertilizers used for maintenance, as well as the destruction of wetlands and other environmentally important areas during construction.
Wildlife is sometimes
seen on golf courses but not encouraged due to
damage it causes to the course.
These, along with health and cost concerns, have led to significant research into more environmentally sound practices and turf grasses. The modern golf course superintendent is well trained in the uses of these practices and grasses. This has led to reductions in the amount of chemicals and water used on courses. The turf on golf courses is an excellent filter for water and has been used in many communities to cleanse grey water. While many people continue to oppose golf courses for environmental reasons, there are others who feel that they are beneficial for the community and the environment as they provide corridors for migrating animals and sanctuaries for birds and other wildlife.
A major result of modern equipment is that today's players can hit the ball much further than previously. In a concern for safety, modern golf course architects have had to lengthen and widen their design envelope. This has led to a ten percent increase in the amount of area that is required for golf courses today. At the same time, water restrictions placed by many communities have forced many courses to limit the amount of maintained turf grass. While most modern 18-hole golf courses occupy as much as 60 ha (150 acres) of land, the average course has 30 ha (75 acres) of maintained turf. (Sources include the National Golf Foundation and the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America [GCSAA].)
Golf courses are built on many different types of land, including sandy areas along coasts, abandoned farms, strip mines and quarries, deserts and forests. Many Western countries have instituted significant environmental restrictions on where and how courses can be built.
In some parts of the world, attempts to build courses and resorts have led to significant protests along with vandalism and violence by both sides. Although golf is a relatively minor issue compared to other land-ethics questions, it has symbolic importance as it is a game normally associated with the wealthier Westernized population, and the culture of colonization and globalization of non-native land ethics. Resisting golf tourism and golf's expansion has become an objective of some land-reform movements, especially in the Philippines and Indonesia.
In Saudi Arabia, golf courses have been constructed on nothing more than oil-covered sand. However, in some cities such as Dhahran, modern, grass golf courses have been built recently.
In Coober Pedy, Australia, there is a famous golf course that consists of nine holes dug into mounds of sand, diesel and oil and not a blade of grass or a tree to be seen. You carry a small piece of astroturf from which you tee.
In New Zealand it is not uncommon for rural courses to have greens fenced off and sheep graze the fairways.
Many golf courses have been displaced by urban planning practices. Many things that displace golf courses range from neighborhoods to shopping malls.
Fife
Scotland
KY 16 9JD
UK
Tel: +44 (0)1334 460000
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews is one of the oldest golf
clubs in the world. It is
based in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, regarded as the worldwide "Home of
Golf". Formerly it was also one of the governing authorities of the
game, but in 2004 this role was handed over to a newly formed group of
companies collectively known as The R&A.Scotland
KY 16 9JD
UK
Tel: +44 (0)1334 460000
The history of the Club is closely linked to the
fortunes of the
ancient city of St Andrews . Golf was believed to be a popular pastime
when Scotland 's first university was founded there in 1413. The
resting place of the relics of St Andrew, the city was also the
country's religious capital.But the reformation destroyed its religious significance, the under-funded university was in danger of being moved to Perth and the huge cathedral, once attended by Robert the Bruce, lay in ruins when "22 Noblemen and Gentlemen of the Kingdom of Fife " presented a silver club to be competed for over the links of St Andrews on 14 May 1754 .
Their motives were two-fold; to enjoy the sport and the conviviality which always followed, but also by staging an annual contest for a significant trophy they hoped to restore the reputation of St Andrews as the home of golf and stimulate a return to the glory days when royalty and religious leaders were regular visitors.
In bold and elegant script, beneath the names of the 22 original contributors, the first written record of what was to become The Royal and Ancient Golf Club, reads: "the Noblemen and Gentlemen above named being admired of the Ancient and healthful exercise of the Golf, and at the same time having the interest and prosperity of the ancient city of St Andrews at heart, being the Alma Mater of the Golf, did in the year of our Lord 1754 contribute for a Silver club having a St Andrew engraved on the head thereof to be played for on the Links of St Andrews upon the fourteenth day of May said year, and yearly in time coming ..."
The annual Challenge followed the example established 10 years earlier by the Gentlemen Golfers at Leith, later to become known as the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers and generally recognised as the world's oldest golf club.
Yet in the years ahead the Edinburgh golfers moved twice in their quest for less crowded playing conditions than the five holes at Leith where they started. This extended period of change coincided with the strengthening reputation of St Andrews as the home of golf, enhanced by the granting of royal patronage by King William IV in 1834 and the building of an imposing clubhouse 20 years later.
By the end of the 19th century golf clubs throughout Britain looked naturally to St Andrews for guidance and the members of the Club somewhat reluctantly agreed to take command of the rules of the game. This was to be the first step towards becoming golf's most powerful authority.
History
The organisation was founded in 1754 as the Society of St Andrews Golfers, a local golf club playing at St Andrews Links but quickly grew in importance. In 1834 King William IV became its patron and the club became known under its present name. In 1897 the Society codified the rules of golf, and was gradually over the next 30 years invited to take control of the running of golf tournaments at other courses.
The R&A
The R&A is the ruling authority of golf everywhere except the United States and Mexico where this responsibility rests with the United States Golf Association (USGA). It works in collaboration with national amateur and professional golf organisations in more than one hundred and ten countries. It also attempts to spread the game to new countries.
The R&A cooperates with the USGA in producing and regularly revising the "Rules of Golf", and the two bodies have issued the rules jointly since 1952. They also collaborate on the corresponding exegetic work, the "Decisions on the Rules of Golf". The R&A is also involved in formulating technical specifications for golfing equipment. The R&A organises several important competitions including "The Open Championship" (known to most in North America as the "British Open"), and the British Amateur Championship, as well as women's, junior and senior championships and the Walker Cup team event.
The present golf club
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews itself is now simply a golf club. It has 2,400 members from all over the world. Although the clubhouse is situated just before the first tee of the Old Course of the St Andrews Links, the R&A members enjoy the privilege of using a significant part of the tee times there but do not own the course, which is run by the St Andrews Links trust, a charitable organisation that owns and runs all the St Andrews Links golf courses at St Andrews.
St Andrews Links
St Andrews Links in the Royal Burgh of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, is regarded as the "home of golf". It is the oldest course in the world, where the game has been played since the 15th century. Today there are six public golf courses including the Old Course which is widely considered one of the finest, and certainly the most famous and traditional, courses in the world. The courses of St Andrews Links are owned by the local authorities and operated by St Andrews Links Trust, a charitable organisation. St Andrews is also home to the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, one of the most prestigious golf clubs and one of the two rule making authorities of golf.
A seventh course is scheduled to open in 2007.
Old Course at St Andrews
The Old Course at St Andrews is one of the oldest golf courses in the world, and the oldest in Scotland. The course is over common land and is officially owned by the town of St Andrews. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (R&A) club house sits adjacent to the first tee and many people think that they own the course, but they are just one of many clubs that have playing privileges on the course, along with the general public.
There is no real knowledge of when golf was first played over the grounds that now make up the Old Course. The earliest written evidence is a license issued in 1552, which permitted the community to rear rabbits on the links and "play at golf, futball, schuteing ... with all other manner of pastimes." The course evolved without the help of any true architect for many years. Originally, it was played over the same set of fairways out and back to the same holes. As interest in the game increased, the whins were cut back to allow for two fairways. All the greens were also increased in size and two holes were cut.
One of the unique features of the Old Course is the huge double greens. Seven greens are shared by two holes each. Only the 1st, 9th, 17th and 18th holes have their own greens. Another unique feature is that the course can be played in either direction, clockwise or anti-clockwise. The general method of play today is anti-clockwise, although clockwise play has been permitted on one day each year for the past few years. Originally, the course was reversed every week in order to let the grass recover better. One other unusual thing about the Old Course is that it is closed on Sundays to let the course rest. On Sundays the course turns into a park for all the townspeople who come out to stroll, picnic and otherwise enjoy the grounds. As a general rule, Sunday play is allowed on the course on only two occasions:
• The final day of the Dunhill Links Championship, an annual event on the European Tour.
• The final day of The Open Championship when it is held at the Old Course; this happens roughly once every five years. While winning the Open is a crowning achievement for any golfer, a win at St. Andrews is considered particularly important due to the course's long tradition.
Past winners at St. Andrews include Tiger Woods (twice), John Daly, Nick Faldo, Seve Ballesteros, Jack Nicklaus (twice), Tony Lema, Kel Nagle, Bobby Locke, Peter Thomson, Sam Snead, Richard Burton, Denny Shute, Bobby Jones, Jock Hutchison, James Braid (twice), John Henry Taylor (twice), Hugh Kirkaldy, Jack Burns, Bob Martin (twice), Jamie Anderson and Tom Kidd.
Sunday play may also occur when the Old Course hosts other major events; for example, it will host the Women's British Open in 2007.
The Old Course had 22 holes, but as play increased the first and last few holes were combined to leave 18 holes. Over time, this became the standard number for courses all over the world. In 2005 the Old Course was ranked as the greatest golf course in the rest of the world, ie. outside the United States, by Golf Digest.
Gleneagles (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann na h-Eaglais/Gleann Eagas) is a glen in the Ochil Hills of Perthshire in Scotland. The name's origin apparently has nothing to do with eagles, but is said to be a corruption of the Scottish Gaelic word for a church, or a gap in the hills.
It is famous for its hotel, and golf course, and also hosted the controversial G8 conference in July 2005, which earned the area the nickname of "the most fortified golf course in Scotland".
Gleneagles has a railway station, formerly known as Crieff Junction, on the line between Perth and Stirling. This was the junction for the branch line to Crieff, which closed in 1964.
Gleneagles Hotel
The Gleneagles Hotel,
FREEPOST,
Auchterarder,
Perthshire,
Scotland PH3 1BR
44 (0) 1764 662231
The Gleneagles Hotel,
FREEPOST,
Auchterarder,
Perthshire,
Scotland PH3 1BR
44 (0) 1764 662231
Gleneagles Hotel and grounds.
The Gleneagles Hotel is a luxury hotel in Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Opened in 1924 by the former Caledonian Railway, it has remained famous for its world class golf courses, including the PGA Centenary Course designed by Jack Nicklaus. It is the venue of the PGA European Tour’s Diageo Championship at Gleneagles. Sir Jackie Stewart of Formula One fame, has developed close ties with Gleneagles Hotel and runs a clay-pigeon shooting school.
In July 2005 the hotel hosted the 31st G8 summit. In 2014 it will be host to the 40th Ryder Cup Matches.
The hotel is owned by the international alcoholic beverage firm Diageo.
Craigend Road,
Troon KA10 6EP,
Ayrshire, Scotland
44 (0)1292 311555
Troon KA10 6EP,
Ayrshire, Scotland
44 (0)1292 311555
Royal Troon Golf Club is a golf course located in Troon, South Ayrshire, Scotland. The club was founded in 1878, and its Old Course is now one of the host courses for The Open Championship, one of the major championships on the PGA TOUR and PGA European Tour.
The 2004 Open Championship was held at Royal Troon, and was won by Todd Hamilton in a 4-hole playoff against Ernie Els. Past Open champions at Troon include Justin Leonard, Mark Calcavecchia, Tom Watson, Tom Weiskopf, Arnold Palmer, Bobby Locke and Arthur Havers.
Royal Troon is home to both the longest and shortest holes in Open Championship golf. The par-3 8th hole ("Postage Stamp") measures a short 123 yards (112 m), while the par-5 6th ("Turnberry") is 601 yards (550 m) long.
Troon Golf Club was formed on the 16th March 1878, at a Meeting of enthusiasts, in the Portland Arms Hotel in Troon. The first Captian appointed was James Dickie who held office for four years. Dr John Highet held the office of Honoury Secretary from 1878 until 1893. The Club’s first Honoury President was His Grace Wiliam John Arthur Charles James, the 6th Duke of Portland K.G.;P.C.; G.C. V.O. By 1880 the Club had six holes, and by 1888 these had been extended to eighteen holes measuring 3 miles 1 furlong and 156 yards. By the time of the 1997 Open Championship the Course stretched to over 7,000 yards. George Strath was the first Professional to the Club and to date only four other professionals have held the position. He was substantially involved in the design of the 12 and 18 hole Courses prior to leaving in 1887. His successor Willie Fernie, by the following year, had implemented further changes to the layout of the 18 hole course. The Portland Course was opened in June 1895 alkthough it was only in 1924 that the name was changed from the Relief Course. In more recent times, the qualifying rounds for the European Open in 1979 were played over the Portland Course. The first Clubhouse of a substantial nature was completed in 1886 and additions and alterations over the years have provided the members with a building of character and considerable charm. In the Centenary Year, 1978, the Club was proud to receive the Royal Accolade and is the most recent Club so honoured.
The Royal Burgh of Carnoustie is a burgh in the council area of Angus, Scotland. It is a small town (population 10,600) at the mouth of the Barry Burn on the east coast of Scotland. It is best known for its associations with golf, which is recorded as having been played there in 1527. This is a quarter century earlier than the first record of golf at St Andrews, dating from 1552.
The town of Carnoustie was founded only towards the end of the 18th century. In 1890, the Earl of Dalhousie, who owned the land, sold the links to the people of the town, to remain available for their recreation in perpetuity. While the townspeople are the owners, today the links are administered on their behalf by Angus District Council.
The Open Championship was staged at Carnoustie six times during the twentieth century. It will be played there again in 2007. For more details on the links see the article Carnoustie Golf Links.
Carnoustie Golf Links
Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee
Links Parade
Carnoustie
Angus
DD7 7JE
For booking the courses or general enquiries
Email: golf@carnoustiegolflinks.co.uk
Phone: +44 (0)1241 853789
Carnoustie Golf Links Management Committee
Links Parade
Carnoustie
Angus
DD7 7JE
For booking the courses or general enquiries
Email: golf@carnoustiegolflinks.co.uk
Phone: +44 (0)1241 853789
The Championship course. Carnoustie is just visible at the top right.
Carnoustie Golf Links in the Royal Burgh of Carnoustie, Angus, in the east of Scotland is one of the venues in the Open Championship rotation. Golf is recorded as having been played here in 1527, earlier than at St Andrews, where the first record of golf dates from 1552. In 1890, the Earl of Dalhousie, who owned the land, sold the links to the people of the town, to be kept available for their recreation in perpetuity. While the townspeople are the owners, today the links are administered on their behalf by Angus Council.
The original course was of ten holes, crossing and recrossing the burn. The opening of the coastal railway from Dundee to Arbroath in 1838 brought an influx of golfers from as far afield as Edinburgh, anxious to tackle the ancient links. This led to a complete restructuring of the course, extended in 1867 by Old Tom Morris to the eighteen holes which had meanwhile become standard.
Two additional courses have since been added - the Burnside Course and the shorter though equally testing Buddon Links.
Carnoustie first played host to The Open Championship in 1931, after modifications to the course by James Braid in 1926. The winner then was Tommy Armour, from Edinburgh. Later Open winners at Carnoustie include the Englishman Henry Cotton in 1936, Ben Hogan (USA, in 1953), Gary Player (South Africa, 1968), Tom Watson (USA, 1976) and Paul Lawrie (Aberdeenshire, 1999).
In North America, the course is nicknamed "Car-Nasty" due to the famously difficult conditions. The term "Carnoustie effect" dates from the 1999 Open, when many of the world's best players, reared on smooth American courses, were frustrated by the unexpected difficulties of the links. Whereas major championships are usually won by scores well under par, or just under par in the case of the U.S. Open, the winning score at Carnoustie in 1999 was six strokes over par. One much-fancied young favourite went straight from the course to his mother's arms in tears.
That Open may best be remembered for the epic collapse of French golfer Jean Van de Velde, who needed only a 6 on the par-4 18th hole to win the Open—and proceeded to shoot a triple-bogey 7, eventually losing a playoff to Lawrie. The Open Championship will be played at Carnoustie again in 2007.
The "Carnoustie effect" is defined as "that degree of mental and psychic shock experienced on collision with reality by those whose expectations are founded on false assumptions." This being a psychological term, it can of course apply to disillusionment in any area of activity, not just in golf.
Muirfield is a golf course in Scotland which is one of the rotation of courses used for The Open Championship.
Duncur Road, Muirfield,
Gullane, East Lothian, Scotland, EH31 2EG
Telephone: +44 (0)1620 842123 Fax: +44 (0)1620 842977
Email hceg@muirfield.org.uk
Telephone: +44 (0)1620 842123 Fax: +44 (0)1620 842977
Email hceg@muirfield.org.uk
The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers
The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers is the longest established golf club in the world, although the game of golf is several centuries older. The club's records date back to 1744 when it produces thirteen "Rules of Golf" for its first competition which was played for the Silver Club. The club played on the 5 holes at Leith Links for nearly a century but in 1836 it moved to Musselburgh's 9-hole Old Course. Like many prestigious Scottish courses including St Andrews Musselburgh is a public course, and in 1891 the club built a private course at Muirfield.
Muirfield has hosted The Open Championship fifteen times, most recently in 2002. Past winners include Ernie Els, Nick Faldo (twice), Tom Watson, Lee Trevino, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Henry Cotton, Alf Perry, Walter Hagen, Harry Vardon and Harold Hilton. Muirfield has also hosted The Amateur Championship, the Ryder Cup, the Walker Cup, the Curtis Cup and many other tournaments.
About Muirfield
Muirfield is the home of The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers whose records date back to 1744 when the Club wrote the original 13 Rules of Golf for the first competition played for the Silver Club.
At the time the Club played on the 5 holes at Leith Links but then moved, in 1836, to Musselburgh's 9-hole Old Course and then again to its current home, Muirfield, in 1891. Muirfield is the only course to have hosted the Open (15 times, the most recent in 2002), the Amateur, the Mid Amateur, the Ryder Cup, the Walker Cup and the Curtis Cup.
Donald Steel, the well-known golf course architect and President of the English Golf Union described Muirfield in the following words-
'Ask
a dozen golfers to classify courses and you will get as many
different answers but over Muirfield there is absolute unanimity. Some
confer on it the accolade of perfection although such eminence is as
difficult to define as the perfect round of golf. Personal taste can be
the deciding factor but one thing over which few will argue is that
Muirfield embraces more of the qualities that a perfectionist seeks in
his ideal course.
Architecturally it is a gem. A clockwise outward half encases an anticlockwise inward nine, an arrangement that ensures that players have to make incessant adjustment for wind direction. Jack Nicklaus liked what he saw so much that he named what he considers his home course after it. In terms of producing the best champions it has an impeccable record. Apart from the classic challenge it presents, the delights of its surroundings are attractively congenial and, if for the more humble golfer, the emphasis is on the culinary wonders of its clubhouse, Muirfield is second to none.'
See also:
The Open Championship, was worth more than £72 million to Scotland last year